That is a throttle positioner control valve. VW had two styles of throttle positioners.
One type has a plate that goes between the carb and intake manifold which has a vacuum diaphragm, with a linkage that attaches to an arm next to the throttle arm. It will have one or two vacuum lines. When vacuum is applied to the diaphragm, it opens the throttle a little, generally when decelerating. This vacuum diaphragm in controlled by the vacuum control in your picture which is remotely mounted usually to the firewall.
The other type is a bit more common. This has the vacuum control and vacuum diaphragm as a single unit, which is is mounted on a bracket that attaches between the carb and the intake manifold. It sticks out toward the engine lid and usually has a vacuum line that attaches to the intake manifold. You see these in 70's era smog controlled engines.